One Brain or Two (Psychology) Essay - 630 Words

Aaron Almonte One Brain or Two? Numerous researches and experiments have been done based on whether the human being possess one brain divided into two parts (left and right hemisphere) or whether we have two different brains working together. The psychologist Roger W. Sperry was the first on research this topic with some experiments on animals. Then, he later started working with Michael Gazzaniga. They were able to find split-brain patients. Those patients had their brain split as way of reducing or stopping uncontrollable epilepsy. Many agreed to participate in the experiments. The experiments that they held focused on finding out what kind of limitations would each brain have if they operated independently, how the 5 senses†¦show more content†¦However, it was not the same story with the left hands of the patients (connected to the right hemisphere). They could match and point at the objects without problem; proving again the lack of speech ability that the right hemisphere has. The other test hel d was an auditory test. The test was done in two different ways. One way was finding the objects in a bag that were mentioned verbally and the other was identifying the item reached by touch. This test’s results were also supporting the previous researchers’ logical conclusion about the left hemisphere ability of speech. It confirmed the right hemisphere’s ability of comprehending language and its ability of expressing it in a nonverbal way. During the test, evidently, the right hemisphere had no trouble identifying the unknown objects by touch as the left hemisphere did. Moreover, some three- dimensional drawings of the slit-brain patients, who were all right handed, developed much better drawings using their left hands compared with their right hands. Those three types of tests were combined to make new tests. But the results are all similar to the ones mentioned before. These amazing findings get us to the conclusion that we possess two different brains with different abilities and behaviors. Gazzaniga emphasizes the possibility of doubling the brain’s performance by separating both halves. In other words, to put each brain half toShow MoreRelatedCognitive Psychology Definition Paper1387 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology Definition Paper Randy Strickland University of Phoenix PSY/360 Dione Johnson July 111, 2011 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Introduction Cognition is the â€Å"science† term for the process of thought.† Its usage varies in different ways in accordance with different disciplines: For example, in psychology and cognitive science, it refers to an information processing view of an individuals psychological makeup. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitiveRead MoreBiological Psychology839 Words   |  4 PagesBiological Psychology Melissa Thompson University of Phoenix Biological Psychology When most hear the words biological/psychology, many tend to have trouble rapping their mind around it. Psychology is the study of behavior, so how does biology fit into this equation? Well we have to assume that our brain has influence or somehow effects are behavior. In order to prove or disprove this theory, we have to research the biology and psychology of both the brain and our behavior. So how doRead MoreCognitive Psychology863 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychologyRead MoreBiological Psychology : The Biological Bases Of Psychological Processes, Behavior, And Learning1722 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Psychology is defined as a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning. Social Psychology is defined as the scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Looking at both aspects of psychology we see many similarities as well as major differences. Some function go h and in hand while others could never be more different. The biologicalRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MoreOrigins of Psychology worksheet1099 Words   |  5 PagesMaterial Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Describe the perspectives, using two to three sentences each. Select one major figure associated with one of the perspectives andRead MoreHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1320 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Susan Hardin University of Phoenix Abnormal Psychology PSY/410 Krisit Lane, Ph.D. October 25, 2011 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Historical perspectives of abnormal psychology sounds complicated, mainly due to the differing definitions, or interpretations, of what is considered abnormal. Identifying someone at work or in a social situation who appears to be behaving abnormally is easier to spot than it is to define theRead MoreThe Theories Of Gestalt Psychology1503 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of Gestalt Psychology Phrases such as â€Å"seeing the forest from the trees† and â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts† have roots grounded in the same ideals of Gestalt psychology. These phrases best describe the purpose of Gestalt psychology in how they emphasize focusing on the big picture and not just the colors. The Gestalt concept of perception is how the mind understands the world around it by seeing it in whole forms, not simple elements. The human brain and consciousness containsRead MorePerspectives of Psychology1141 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Psychology Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat, 2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a multidimensional approach. Carter Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectivesRead MoreA Neuropsychologist: Stephen Correia1008 Words   |  5 PagesBachelor of Arts in Psychology. Twelve years later he continued his education going back to University of Rhode Island. This time he was going for his graduate degree in Psychology. He graduated four years later with a Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology. Right after, he pursued his Doctor of Philosophy degree continuing at University of Rhode Island. He graduated in 2001 for the third time from the University of Rhode Island with a Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology. Dr. Correia has done

The Sociological Reactions to the Return of Vietnam Veterans Free Essays

The Sociological Reactions to the Return of Vietnam Veterans Upon their return from the Vietnam War, many veterans were shocked upon the reaction (or lack thereof) displayed by the citizens of the States who had remained on the home front. When finally landing back on American soil, many veterans expected to be greeted with celebration and maybe even a parade, acknowledging their service and dedication to the Vietnam cause. However, veterans were instead greeted by protestors who did not agree with the United States’ participation in the war (ironically, not all veterans wholly supported the cause itself, but instead went out of respect and devotion to their country). We will write a custom essay sample on The Sociological Reactions to the Return of Vietnam Veterans or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an article written by Vietnam veteran Bill Hunt, it is clear to see that not only were strangers hostile towards veterans, but even friends and family treated the returning soldiers with annoyance, anger, or at the best, apathy. He states that it felt like family members had not even known he was at war; they reacted to his return much like one would react to someone returning from the grocery store: with just a casual hello, disregarding the danger and the high level of devotion that had been experienced. Hunt’s family barely acknowledged that he had ever even gone to war. The experiences of Vietnam vets were simply viewed as a part of every-day life. The war was not even taken seriously by many people, and veterans (specifically Hunt) were appalled by the flippant and insensitive (though innocent and thoughtless) comments made by others, family included. To the vets, it had been a hellish experience, and many experienced Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, and many became dependent on drugs and alcohol to get through the psychological after-effects of being involved in such stressful and torturous circumstances. However, appallingly, many were unable to get the help they needed. Medical aid was not made available to them right away, and a shocking percentage of Americans viewed them as crazy and dangerous to society. Some even thought that the veterans deserved their psychological conditions. Suicide became increasingly common as many veterans experienced completely unfounded hatred and degradation. Part of this is due to the younger generation, which had begun the hippie movement. The ideas of â€Å"peace† and â€Å"love† were emphasized. Because of this, many returning veterans were greeted with shouts of â€Å"baby killer† and other completely untrue and offensive things. They were also given stereotypes of overarching drug use. Additionally, television was available to households for the first time. Because of this, there was no watering-down or censorship of the conditions of the Vietnam War. Many veterans were portrayed incorrectly and much confusion was experienced by the public due to mixed messages. Regardless of the cause, the fact remains that the Vietnam veterans are one of the most unjustly maligned groups of people in American history. The war was politically unpopular and many veterans were accused of a lack of dedication and â€Å"not fighting hard enough†. The disrespect that had been shown towards these veterans was and still is disgusting: regardless of whether or not one agrees with the cause, it is inexcusable that these veterans were not commended for their sacrifice. Comparison to The Return of a Private and Currently Returning Veterans The Return of a Private How to cite The Sociological Reactions to the Return of Vietnam Veterans, Essay examples

Skill and Leadership Development

Question: Discuss about the Skill and Leadership Development. Answer: Introduction: The current article describes the critical challenges in the current New Zealand environment and implications for the managerial skills. The review of the article starts with determining the question or thesis statement from the current article, followed by identifying the strengths and weakness of the material. While analysing force and weakness, the researcher has tried to share own view to establishing a logical justification. The agreeability has been made considering the key points and rational explanations. Three academic resources have been discussed to critique the article as evidence-based evaluation. The thesis statement of the current article is Three fundamental management skills such as managing uncertainty, leading people resources and managing the stakeholders are needed to meet the challenges in the complex business environment. The similar proposition has been stated by Boxall and Purcell (2011), which indicates that fast-paced and ambiguous change needs diversified management skills to be synchronised with the volatility of the market demands. The questions about the articles have been extracted as follows: How the fast changing, and ambiguous business environment of New Zealand is characterised by the constrained funding? Which types of managerial skill set are required to manage organisational uncertainty? How the redesigning of HR module can foster and model the regulatory development process to support the diversified administrative skills? The major strength of the study is that it is an integrative approach, through which the integration with different themes has been made. The idea of managerial uncertainty and the renewal has been discussed considering the combination of different leadership and environmental context. Also, a quantitative study has been conducted and results showed a correlation of organisational behaviour with the managerial effectiveness. The second theme also reflects the movement of the business environment. The descriptive analysis also enables the readers to understand how the countrys political skills can influence the people and internal resource of an organisation. De Menezes et al. (2010) also supported the fact and stated that the outside business environment significantly affects the overall landscape of the New Zealand. The overall study has been conducted, including a survey method and qualitative approach as well. However, the more secondary analysis could have provided a better resul t of the review (Fortune, 2012). The lack of adequate secondary analysis can be considered a major weakness of the current study. Also, the study has been conducted on a particular target mass only (for New Zealand). A comparative study of Asian and European regions would have even more authentic information regarding the study.The scholars in the present article have managed to evaluate on the HRM (Human Resource Management) technique with several lucrative techniques. It managed to emphasise the importance of the HRM perspectives and the effective determination required from the managements side to increase the employee-employer relationship. In the context of the similar statement, Gberevbie (2008) determined that the employee motivation has become an integral part of the organisations. The majority of the SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) and the MNCs (Multi National Companies) are experiencing a slaughter regarding the employee retention ratio. Since, the business models of the o rganisations are exclusively focusing on attaining competitive advantage in the market (Mignonac and Richeb, 2012). Therefore, the firms are initiating the methods that indirectly lead to employee exploitation. The present article has managed to explain the relevant HRM methods with useful primary data collection approach that might facilitate the International and the New Zealand based firms to increase the stakeholders values. The thesis statement of the present article is highly acceptable. The thesis statement determines on the three fundamental skills like managing uncertainty, leading the employees and resource handling to mitigate the demands of the stakeholders. According to Sale (2015), the organisational productivity highly depends on the motivation aspects and the contribution of its internal resources. Therefore, the HR manager of the organisations highly necessitated implementing effective employee beneficial measures that serve the objectives of both the employers and the employees. The key points of the present article are detailed below: The chief executives report of New Zealands are characterised by the rapidly changing environment and constrained funding options. To sustain the above change, the managers are required to have the potency of implementing innovative techniques. The managers also require having the interpersonal skills to handle the complex relationship with the internal stakeholders. The managers need to inbuild the systematic approach skills to manage the entire organisational process with limited resources The HR manager needs to design the developed the internal process with efficacy to support and appreciate the employees expertises. The above key points emphasises on the proficient HRM concept, which is highly required to sustain the fierce competition of the market. The key points carry effective HRM technique that often guides the HR managers to initiate productive methods to handle the tricky situation of the organisations. It has been observed in the current study that the most of the New Zealands management is currently fronting critical challenges while implementing management skill within the organisation. According to oft the opinion of Okech and Nedelea (2010), a complex environment of the fluctuating market situation and the technological development is the foremost factor to for this ambiguous change. It is essential for the management skill to develop three major skills such as managing stakeholders and business partners, managing uncertainty and renewal, managing people and limited sources (Catchings, 2015). To increase the employee capability, learning and development are essential to foster the organisational business goals. Thus, Sang Long (2011) mentioned that competency management is the pulsation of the performance improvement in the corporate levels. The competency management assists to establish a strategic talent management practices like acquiring talent and skilled workforce, workfo rce planning and developing the employees. On the other hand, Stacy and Dempster (2013) cited that one of the major challenges of the management competencies is that the skilled management proficiency treats as an HR progression rather than an authoritative business practice. Adding to this, the identification of the critical competencies is very difficult for the business. Investment in the competency management also has less priority in regards meeting the business goals and objectives (Catchings, 2015). Therefore, it could be deduced that the chief executives of the New Zealand have faced multidimensional challenges in a regular way. The major benefits and challenges of the HRM practices have been discussed in the class. The concepts to management capabilities for nurturing the talents, improved efficacy of the workforce has also been discussed in the classroom which is completely aligned with the current topic. Furthermore, a critical skill for managers for improving the performance of the organisation is also one of the most similar subjects which have discussed in the class and directly associated with the current analysis. The primary assertion of the study indicates that the New Zealand's chief executives are facing some challenges in the business environment. The study has identified that the organisational management team has tackled awar for talent to uphold the leadership position. It has been scrutinised that the private sector chief executives continuously reconstruct the business models to survive in the economically challenging environment. On the other hand, the outcome of the study fails to draw an in depth analysis regarding the current topic. The lack of secondary analysis fails to establish the relationship between how the ambiguous business environment of New Zealand is characterised by the constrained funding. However, more secondary data collection would have given real life scenario regarding the ambiguous business environment faced by different enterprises. Reference: Boxall, P.F. and Purcell, J. (2011) Strategy and human resource management: Third edition (management, work and Organisations). 3rd edn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Catchings, G. (2015) A practical coaching model for critical thinking skill and leadership development (C/CTSLD), Management and Organizational Studies, 2(4), pp. 120122. De Menezes, L.M., Wood, S. and Gelade, G. (2010) The integration of human resource and operation management practices and its link with performance: A longitudinal latent class study, Journal of Operations Management, 28(6), pp. 455471. Fortune, T. (2012) Should higher education curriculum develop political acumen among students?, Higher Education Research Development, 31(4), pp. 611613. Gberevbie, D. (2008) Employee retention strategies and organisational performance', IFE PsychologIA, 16(2), pp. 129138. Mignonac, K. and Richeb, N. (2012) No strings attached?: How attribution of disinterested support affects employee retention, Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 7290. Okech, R. and Nedelea, A. (2010) Critical issues in sustainable tourism development in Romania: Challenges and lessons for Kenya, Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(1), pp. 2224. Sale, J. (2015)Mapping motivation: Unlocking the key to employee energy and engagement. London, United Kingdom: Gower Publishing. Sang Long, C., Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail, W. and Mohd Amin, S. (2011) Internal consultation skill and linkage with the critical strategic roles of HR practitioners in Malaysia, Journal of Management Development, 30(2), pp. 160174. Stacy, L. and Dempster, M. (2013) Challenges of skill acquisition and maintenance for paediatric critical care nurses when technology usage is low, Australian Critical Care, 26(2), p. 97

Topics for Discussion Essay Example

Topics for Discussion Essay TOPICS for DISCUSSION Society and the Media 1- Where do you get the news from? radio / newspapers / TV / Internet 2- Reality shows on TV 3- TV and children The Environment 1- Public transport: a real alternative? 2- Recycling: a good way to be green? 3- Plastic bags in shops. The World of Work 1- Teleworking (working from home): pros and cons. 2- Equal opportunities for men and women 3- Unemployment: effects on society Travelling 1- Travelling alone or travelling with friends (or family) Rural tourism 3- Exotic holidays Relationships 1- Getting married, living together or living alone 2- Families today: working parents / single parents / grandparents bringing up children Health 1- Ways to stay healthy 2- Fast food or traditional food 3- Telemedicine: online patients Language Learning 1- Bilingual education, Internet and language learning 2- Language exchanges, courses abroad Crime 1- How to avoid street robbery or burglary 2- Crime and technology: identity theft Shopping 1- Shopping centres (malls) and department stores versus small shops 2- Opening hours: on Sundays and bank holidays 3- Shopaholics Progress and Science 1- Space exploration: useless or useful 2- The best inventions in 20th century Money matters 1- Is money the most important thing when choosing a job? 2- Charities and NGO’s: for people, animals, civil rights 3- Is pocket money for children a good idea? Computers and Technology 1- Downloading films or going to the cinema Internet and books: will libraries disappear? 3- Effects of Internet on family life Education 1- Single sex education or co-educational schools 2- State schools or private schools 3- Discipline problems in the classroom Leisure and Entertainment 1- Changes in how people spend their free time: cinema music social networks theatre clubbing computer games others 2- Ways to relax: escaping from your daily routine We will write a custom essay sample on Topics for Discussion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Topics for Discussion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Topics for Discussion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Shes Come Undone

American Family The book that I selected to read was She’s Come Undone, by Wally Lamb. This book relates to family in many aspects, but I feel that the most significant aspect in this book is the development of Dolores’ life from childhood to adulthood. We are drawn into her dysfunctional family life with vivid examples throughout the entire novel. Her parents’ divorce, her obesity, her mother’s death, and her marriage based on lies are just some of the cruel experiences Dolores endured. A story of sadness and pain unfolds before the audience, and yet courage prevails in the end, making Dolores the hero she would have never believed herself to be. This story travels along the life of Dolores Price from the age of 4 to 40. We meet Dolores as the innocent, oblivious child of a dysfunctional family during the 1950’s. Her mother’s unfortunate miscarriage sets the mood of the whole novel as it causes her mother to go insane. The mother puts a great deal of stress on Dolores’ father, which causes him to cheat on her and causes that marriage to ultimately end in divorce. Dolores is then sent to live with her grandmother, who she has never gotten along with in her entire life. Throughout this time that she spent with her grandmother there was no relationship between the two. There was no communication or sense of family during this time. Her grandmother was too busy denying everyone’s sexuality and repressing her own grief over a long-dead son to offer much comfort to her disturbed daughter and her granddaughter who was falling apart. Dolores begins to have an attraction to their next-door neighbor, Jack. Her attraction, vulnerability and low self-esteem lead to her being raped. Afraid to tell her grandmother about the incident, she confided in the tattoo artist across the street. This older woman knew that Dolores must tell her grandmother at once. When Dolores told her grandmother, Jack was forced to move out. After... Free Essays on She's Come Undone Free Essays on She's Come Undone American Family The book that I selected to read was She’s Come Undone, by Wally Lamb. This book relates to family in many aspects, but I feel that the most significant aspect in this book is the development of Dolores’ life from childhood to adulthood. We are drawn into her dysfunctional family life with vivid examples throughout the entire novel. Her parents’ divorce, her obesity, her mother’s death, and her marriage based on lies are just some of the cruel experiences Dolores endured. A story of sadness and pain unfolds before the audience, and yet courage prevails in the end, making Dolores the hero she would have never believed herself to be. This story travels along the life of Dolores Price from the age of 4 to 40. We meet Dolores as the innocent, oblivious child of a dysfunctional family during the 1950’s. Her mother’s unfortunate miscarriage sets the mood of the whole novel as it causes her mother to go insane. The mother puts a great deal of stress on Dolores’ father, which causes him to cheat on her and causes that marriage to ultimately end in divorce. Dolores is then sent to live with her grandmother, who she has never gotten along with in her entire life. Throughout this time that she spent with her grandmother there was no relationship between the two. There was no communication or sense of family during this time. Her grandmother was too busy denying everyone’s sexuality and repressing her own grief over a long-dead son to offer much comfort to her disturbed daughter and her granddaughter who was falling apart. Dolores begins to have an attraction to their next-door neighbor, Jack. Her attraction, vulnerability and low self-esteem lead to her being raped. Afraid to tell her grandmother about the incident, she confided in the tattoo artist across the street. This older woman knew that Dolores must tell her grandmother at once. When Dolores told her grandmother, Jack was forced to move out. After...

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Examples

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Examples Suppose that we have a random sample from a population of interest.  We may have a theoretical model for the way that the population is distributed.  However, there may be several population parameters of which we do not know the values.  Maximum likelihood estimation is one way to determine these unknown parameters.   The basic idea behind maximum likelihood estimation is that we determine the values of these unknown parameters.  We do this in such a way to maximize an associated joint probability density function or probability mass function.  We will see this in more detail in what follows.  Then we will calculate some examples of maximum likelihood estimation. Steps for Maximum Likelihood Estimation The above discussion can be summarized by the following steps: Start with a sample of independent random variables X1, X2, . . . Xn from a common distribution each with probability density function f(x;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k).  The thetas are unknown parameters.Since our sample is independent, the probability of obtaining the specific sample that we observe is found by multiplying our probabilities together.  This gives us a likelihood function L(ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k)   f( x1 ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) f( x2 ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) . . .  f( xn ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) ÃŽ   f( xi ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k).Next, we use Calculus to find the values of theta that maximize our likelihood function L.  More specifically, we differentiate the likelihood function L with respect to ÃŽ ¸ if there is a single parameter.  If there are multiple parameters we calculate partial derivatives of L with respect to each of the theta parameters.To continue the process of maximization, set the derivative of L (or partial derivatives) equal to zero and solve for theta.We can then use o ther techniques (such as a second derivative test) to verify that we have found a maximum for our likelihood function. Example Suppose we have a package of seeds, each of which has a constant probability p of success of germination.  We plant n of these and count the number of those that sprout.  Assume that each seed sprouts independently of the others.  How do we determine the maximum likelihood estimator of the parameter p? We begin by noting that each seed is modeled by a Bernoulli distribution with a success of p. We let X be either 0 or 1, and the probability mass function for a single seed is f( x ; p ) px (1 - p)1 - x.   Our sample consists of n  Ã‚  different Xi, each of with has a Bernoulli distribution.  The  seeds that sprout have Xi 1 and the seeds that fail to sprout have Xi 0.   The likelihood function is given by: L ( p ) ÃŽ   pxi (1 - p)1 - xi We see that it is possible to rewrite the likelihood function by using the laws of exponents.   L ( p )   pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Next we differentiate this function with respect to p.  We assume that the values for all of the Xi are known, and hence are constant.  To differentiate the likelihood function we need to use the product rule along with the power rule: L ( p )   ÃŽ £ xip-1 ÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi - (n - ÃŽ £ xi )pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n-1 - ÃŽ £ xi We rewrite some of the negative exponents and have: L ( p ) (1/p) ÃŽ £ xipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi )pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi [(1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi)]ipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Now, in order to continue the process of maximization, we set this derivative equal to zero and solve for p: 0 [(1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi)]ipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Since p and (1- p) are nonzero we have that 0 (1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi). Multiplying both sides of the equation by p(1- p) gives us: 0 (1 - p) ÃŽ £ xi  - p (n - ÃŽ £ xi). We expand the right hand side and see: 0   ÃŽ £ xi  - p ÃŽ £ xi  - p n pÃŽ £ xi   ÃŽ £ xi - p n. Thus ÃŽ £ xi p n and (1/n)ÃŽ £ xi   p.  This means that the maximum likelihood estimator of p is a sample mean.  More specifically this is the sample proportion of the seeds that germinated.  This is perfectly in line with what intuition would tell us.  In order to determine the proportion of seeds that will germinate, first consider a sample from the population of interest. Modifications to the Steps There are some modifications to the above list of steps.  For example, as we have seen above, is typically worthwhile to spend some time using some algebra to simplify the expression of the likelihood function.  The reason for this is to make the differentiation easier to carry out. Another change to the above list of steps is to consider natural logarithms. The maximum for the function L will occur at the same point as it will for the natural logarithm of L.  Thus maximizing ln L is equivalent to maximizing the function L. Many times, due to the presence of exponential functions in L, taking the natural logarithm of L will greatly simplify some of our work. Example We see how to use the natural logarithm by revisiting the example from above.  We begin with the likelihood function: L ( p )   pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi . We then use our logarithm laws and see that: R( p ) ln L( p ) ÃŽ £ xi ln p (n - ÃŽ £ xi) ln(1 - p). We already see that the derivative is much easier to calculate: R( p ) (1/p)ÃŽ £ xi - 1/(1 - p)(n - ÃŽ £ xi) . Now, as before, we set this derivative equal to zero and multiply both sides by p (1 - p): 0 (1- p ) ÃŽ £ xi -  p(n - ÃŽ £ xi) . We solve for p and find the same result as before. The use of the natural logarithm of L(p) is helpful in another way.  It is much easier to calculate a second derivative of R(p) to verify that we truly do have a maximum at the point (1/n)ÃŽ £ xi   p. Example For another example, suppose that we have a random sample X1, X2, . . . Xn from a population that we are modelling with an exponential distribution.  The probability density function for one random variable is of the form f( x ) ÃŽ ¸-1 e -x/ÃŽ ¸ The likelihood function is given by the joint probability density function. This is a product of several of these density functions: L(ÃŽ ¸) ÃŽ   ÃŽ ¸-1 e -xi/ÃŽ ¸   ÃŽ ¸-n e -ÃŽ £ xi/ÃŽ ¸    Once again it is helpful to consider the natural logarithm of the likelihood function.  Differentiating this will require less work than differentiating the likelihood function: R(ÃŽ ¸) ln L(ÃŽ ¸) ln [ÃŽ ¸-n e -ÃŽ £ xi/ÃŽ ¸] We use our laws of logarithms and obtain: R(ÃŽ ¸) ln L(ÃŽ ¸) - n ln ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   -ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸ We differentiate with respect to ÃŽ ¸ and have: R(ÃŽ ¸)   - n / ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸2 Set this derivative equal to zero and we see that: 0 - n / ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸2. Multiply both sides by ÃŽ ¸2 and the result is: 0 - n ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi. Now use algebra to solve for ÃŽ ¸: ÃŽ ¸ (1/n)ÃŽ £xi. We see from this that the sample mean is what maximizes the likelihood function.  The parameter ÃŽ ¸ to fit our model should simply be the mean of all of our observations. Connections There are other types of estimators.  One alternate type of estimation is called an unbiased estimator.  For this type, we must calculate the expected value of our statistic and determine if it matches a corresponding parameter.

Working with and leading people Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Working with and leading people - Assignment Example Without which, an organization may not be operated in a successful way in the market. This is because, in order to manage the human resource of an organization, a leader or a manager plays a very vital role. He motivates the employees towards the roles and responsibilities of the organization for amplification of its product portfolio in market. Task 3 A P10-Overview Leadership is described as the procedure with the help of which an individual might influence other members within a group. It is done, to attain the goals and objectives of an organization or a specific group. However, the leader tries to make intimate relationship by making interpersonal communication with the other members so as to evaluate their inner ideas and views. This might help the leader to act accordingly so that, both the needs and desires of the employees as well as the organization might get fulfilled. By applying the leadership skills and knowledge, the leader tries to motivate the employees towards their duties and responsibilities. Only then, it might prove effective for the leader for the organization to achieve its goals and objectives in long run. Discussion Leader is a very respectful position within a group. One, who may manage and organize all the functions of a group, is depicted as a leader of that association. Once, while working in the organization of Colgate-Palmolive, I attained the opportunity to lead a group of members. Such a decision is taken by the management of the organization of Colgate-Palmolive to make a presentation on the importance of leadership and the essential skills and talents required by a leader. After hearing the decision, it was in a dilemma, whether I might be able to motivate the members of the group to attain the target or not. However, very soon, I sort out my dilemma by thinking about my interpersonal relationship with all other members. It was my most important strength to maintain a group or motivate the group members. With the help of my i nterpersonal communication skill, I easily motivated all other members towards the objective of making the presentation successful among other teams. Other than this, I also influenced the members by presenting the idea of â€Å"Reward or incentives†, on attainment of targets (of making an effective presentation). This idea, proved extremely effective for the team mates and they became quite confident and dedicated towards their duties and responsibilities of the organization of Colgate-Palmolive. This helped them to attain their goals resulting in fulfillment of my objective as well. Side by side, it also helped me in reducing the rate of conflicts among my team mates thereby amplifying their interpersonal relationships. As a result, the desire to help one another might also get enhanced that proved extremely effective for both employees and Colgate-Palmolive as well. Moreover, at that time, I also helped my team mates with varied types of ideas and details so as to make the presentation effective and informative. So, such an activity would remain always fresh in my minds. P11- Effectiveness of the team in attaining the goals A team comprises of a group of individual, who work in a coordinated way for the achievement of a common objective or goal. In order to fulfill an objective, it is extremely essential for the members to perform the duties in a harmonized and careful way. However, in order to make the objective successful, it needs to be designed in a SMART manner. This means that the objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, and relevant and time specific. So that, all the

Event Management Hosting a variety show event Reflective Report Essay

Event Management Hosting a variety show event Reflective Report - Essay Example The choice of the venue came along on consideration of how strategic is the reception in terms of probable customers. With the team cooperating, the event was a success and it was a joy to meet most of the objectives. The cake sale activity was planned urgently by our team to evaluate how best we can manage an event with little time to prepare. It was worth trying and putting in practice skills acquired in class, in real life scenario, having learnt the concepts of event management. The activity was in place at the university reception with the aim of making one of the successful activities of the group. Detailed in this report are the experiences, reflections and the lessons in the event. It consists of the objectives of the team, description of the activities, and how the team members managed the event and the skills attained. The report also describes the event, the objectives, the venue, participants, budget, and the execution of the activity and the evaluation of the whole activity. Spurred on with the target of setting a record in such an event, we split the team into four to cover specific tasks. I was voted the project manager to be responsible for overseeing the entire event and making sure that every group is on top of their task. The first group was to organize on how to get the cakes from the suppliers, Sweet Cakes Company into the venue. The second group was to make arrangements of the venue and ensure cleanliness in the day of the event. They were also to set up the tables to place the cakes. The third group (marketing group) had the responsibility of marketing the event in terms of distributing posters about the event all over the university. The fourth group was to take on the selling responsibility and taking customers through the brands. In every activity, setting out objectives is a major step towards achieving the desired goals or results (Damm, 2012). Setting objectives helps

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay Example for Free

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay I am find no words at my command to express our deepest sense of gratitude to the almighty GOD, the most Gracious, the most Merciful and the most Beneficent, who gives us the talent to complete this task successfully. He is the one who gave us the courage to do this. I am are much obliged to our beloved parents whose prayers have enabled us to reach this stage. At this occasion we can’t forget our parents for their guidance at the crucial moments of our life. I am are very thankful to Marmolejo Naryvic T. whose guidance is always with us. Who always encouraged us and his guidance us to complete this project. We are greatly thankful to our adviser Ms. Cecilia Abaricia who helped us in proposal writing and gave us a lot of helping material and suggestion. Her specific comments, corrections, critiques and criticisms were the most helpful. Acknowledgement The researcher would like to acknowledge the following persons in making this research work successful: Almighty God, for the gift of wisdom and strength in creating this kind of research work; Ms. Cecilia Abaricia thesis adviser, for her time, patience, and effort in sharing her knowledge in correcting this research work; Naryvic T. Marmolejo for his instructions and tips in the development of the system that was developed by the researchers. Mr. Alex Hipolito, Finance Officer, for sharing his expertise in payroll procedures of their company And above all to the Great Almighty God who give us strength, courage presence of mind, guidance and inspiration to finish my study.

French Revolution :: European Europe History

French Revolution Essay: What were the reasons and results of the French revolution? In 1789 financial times were hard in France. The peasants were upset that the nobles were living lavish lives collecting taxes, while they suffered. The prices on food were rising and the people were starving. The French social system was outdated and consisted of three classes. The first class consisted of the clergy. They paid no taxes and led the best lives. The second estate was the nobles. These were people who held top jobs in the government. The third and largest estate was the peasants. The people paid the most taxes and suffered the most. These people paid for Frances deficit spending. Deficit spending is when the country spends more money than is coming in. Louis XIV left France deeply in debt. Through out the 1700 taxes gradually rose to help repay this debt. By 1789 half its taxes went to paying the interest on this debt. This frustration led to revolt. On August 4th peasants attacked the Bastille. The peasants raided the Bastille but found no arms. This lead to a massive change in the government. The French government, in late August issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The Document was modeled in part of the American Declaration of Independence. In it stated that all men are born and remain free. Man also had the right to enjoy natural right or the right to property, security and resistance to oppression. It also said there are no different in man except his virtues and talents. It also granted freedom of religion and called for taxes to be levied according to ones pay. But this was still not enough for some. Working class citizens called sans-culottes pushed the revolution into some more radical action. By 1791 many sans-culottes demanded France become a republic. They also wanted the government to guarantee the government gives them living wages. Wars waged over France between those who supported the republic and those who opposed it.

Poverty Alleviation Through Zakah and Waqf Institutions Essay

* Islam emphasize on the importance of distributive justice through Zakah, waqf†¦ * The main objectives of Zakah are to promote stable economic growth through investments, employment and balance consumption, and the achievement of greater income equality through an equitable distribution of wealth, thereby eliminating poverty and extreme disparities of wealth between the rich and the poor. * Waqf is holding a Maal (an asset) and preventing its consumption for the purpose of repeatedly extracting its usufruct for the benefit of an objective representing righteousness and/or philanthropy for as long as its principal is preserved either by its own nature – as in land – or from arrangements and conditions prescribed by the Waqf founder. * In the past, the state would assign Zakah workers. * The first known Waqf is the mosque of Qubaa in Madinah, â€Å"which was built upon the arrival of the Prophet (Peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) followed by the purchase of the land and construction of the mosque, known today as the Prophet‟s mosque†. * There are three types of Waqf, religious Waqf, philanthropic Waqf, and posterity or family Waqf. * Religious Waqf â€Å"adds to the social welfare of the community because it helps satisfy the religious needs of people and reduces the direct cost of providing religious services for any future generation†. * Philanthropic Waqf â€Å"aimed at supporting the poor segment of the society and all activities that are of interest to people at large such as public utilities, libraries, scientific research, education, health services, care of animals and environment, lending to small businessmen, parks, roads, bridges, dams, etc†. * Posterity or family Waqf â€Å"is argued that it is charitable in essence because it gives income/usufruct to persons free of charges and improves the welfare of future generation†.

Ramjibhai Vasava Case Essay

The case is about situation of the farm of Ramjibhai vasada. He is a farmer from village kavachiya in Bharuch district. He is matriculate and employed under village extension scheme. His family members are engaged in their own work so ramjibhai is not having much family member. He is having 8 acres of land divided in 4parts. Out of 4 3farms have irrigation facilities while the other one doesn’t have the facility in farm no 2 Ramjibhai takes the crop of juwar and tuwar in kharif and in rabi he takes the variety of crops like vegetables, condiments cereals and oil seeds. This farm gets the benefit of irrigation in normal season. In farm3,he has planted eucalyptus tree and for transplanting the sapling he needs 60 worker for 2days. He expects the return of 25000 from it. But the trader is offering only 15000 so he didn’t find it worth while. In farm1 he has planted 25 mango trees and later on he added rajapuri Ramjibhai is in a problem that what to do with farm3 because eu calyptus tree didn’t prove worth while. Objectives Objectives are the aim which person wants to achieve at the end of task 1. To maximize the return 2. To utilize the available facilities like irrigation Problems Problems are the obstacles which restricts us from attaining the objectives 1. Labour is main problem of ramjibhai because he himself is employed 2. Time is also an obstacle 3. Scarcity of water is also problem when there is less rainfall 4. One farm is not having a irrigation facility Constraints * No family member available to look after the Farming activity Criteria 1. Quick returns 2. Comparative cost and returns 3. Fodder for the animals Alternatives 1. Taking rabi and kharif crops in farm no3 because it have irrigation facility 2. Proper plantation of flower trees 3. Make a partnership with other farmer and sharing the profit Action plan Take a crop of paddy, juwar and tuwar because ramjibhai is having the experience if these crop. So it is better to go for it. Contingency plan If anyone of this is not possible then it is desirable to give the land on lease and enjoy the safety.

McDonalds in Moskow essays

McDonalds in Moskow essays Describe at least 5 ( five) American Marketing Techniques, utilized by Russians that you believe enhanced the productivity of the enterprise . 1. McDonalds in Russia was a joint Canadian-Russian venture, in which the appointed president was a Russian person. It was done first of all because Russian businessmen know all the specific aspects of doing business in Russia, and second of all in order to show the public that Russians play a major role in this venture. 2. Moscow was chosen for its favorable location and for being the capital-cultural center of Russia, where people are more informed and educated. 3. The opening of the first McDonalds in Russia was greatly advertised and promoted, not only by local media, but also by the biggest national and world media. Many world reporters were invited to the grand-opening of McDonalds so that they could show this event in a favorable way to the company. 4. At the grand opening orphans and children were served first and free. 5. Many high positioned officials from city and national government, and other celebrities took part in the opening. 6. Despite its foreign belonging McDonalds accepted only national Russian currency, Rubles. Identify and describe at least 5 (five) obstacles or problems on a corporate level, and how they were solved and overcome. 1. Production problems. There was no manufacturer or producer in Russia who could produce products needed for the business. One of the solutions was to bring all the products from different countries, but that would be too expensive, so the management decided to build a huge food processing plant size of 3 football fields in order to produce all needed products under one roof, instead of shipping it from somewhere else. 2. Lack of Trust. At that time (we are talking about the end of Cold War) there was a great lack of trust between Russian and Canadian partners. That problem had to be overcome by establishing...

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty By Maeve Maddox When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less. The question is, said Alice, whether you can make words mean so many different things. The question is, said Humpty Dumpty, which is to be master thats all. (Through the Looking-Glass Chapter Six) I was in Arkansas the year that then-governor Mike Huckabee refused to sign a tornado relief bill because he objected to the conventional term act of God: act of God uncontrollable natural force first recorded 1882. (Online Etymology Dictionary) On December 31, 2007. the Los Angeles Times reminded the nation of this incident in an article that has stirred up a lot of blog commentary. In order to mitigate fears that the Baptist presidential hopeful would permit his religious beliefs to interfere with decisions of state, Huckabee apologists have come to his defense. They argue that Huckabee merely wanted to change the terminology so that insurance companies would pay. According to a NY Times story dated March 21, 1997, however, Huckabee refused to sign the bill because doing so would violate his conscience: Mr. Huckabee said that signing the legislation would be violating my own conscience inasmuch as it described a destructive and deadly force as being an act of God. Mr. Huckabeesuggested that the phrase acts of God be changed to natural disasters. All language is metaphor. The word is not the thing. The map is not the territory. I am reading a book, livre, boek, Buch, biblio, libro, livro. A rose by any name Words are labels. They mean what we say they mean. Changing acts of God to natural disasters will not alter the fact that insurance companies dont want to pay for damages caused by tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods. When a word or expression becomes a shibboleth, people suffer. shibboleth 1382, the Heb. word shibboleth flood, stream, also ear of corn, in Judges xii:4-6. It was the password used by the Gileadites to distinguish their own men from fleeing Ephraimites, because Ephraimites could not pronounce the -sh- soundA similar test-word was cicera chick pease, used by the Italians to identify the French (who could not pronounce it correctly) during the massacre called the Sicilian Vespers (1282). (Online Etymology Dictionary) The consequence of the wrong pronunciation for both Ephraimites and French was death. TIP: Relieve the tedium of political coverage during the next ten months. Keep a notebook by your TV chair. Collect words and expressions. Record those that upset the candidates, and the words they all use, but which carry no specific meaning and can therefore mean anything they want them to. Remember Humpty Dumpty. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhat the heck are "learnings"?

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case - Assignment Example To achieve, the social organization aims at helping parents, educators, other residents, as well as additional stakeholders with emphasis on developing a safe learning environment for children. The first goal of HCZ was to set up a seamless system with necessary support to the child before birth through to adulthood in college. The goal was to have a best-practice conveyor belt. The biggest problem faced by the social organization was evaluating and measuring the success of the same. Secondly, the top management at HCZ aimed at helping children from humble and troubled backgrounds to grow actively and become healthy adults within their respective communities. HCZ aims at building a society with healthy children and the community simultaneously. In the process, the focus of the institution went on important groups and frequency. To help children grow into responsible adults, HCZ attached two strategies to this goal. Children remained under the watch of responsible parents. It was expected that the caring parents would be ideal models for children to learn from as they grow. The second strategy was exposing children to the right healthcare, social stimulation, intellectual ascendancy, as well as continued guidance. To run the project effectively, the management integrated the two strategies into the overall model upon which the institution ran. In his opinion, the president and Chief Executive of the social organization felt that pursuing a zone approach stood out as the best framework for the development of the entire project. In its design, the methodology meant the project will have cumulative and a scalable influence on the sampled population. Furthermore, the management at HCZ put in place strict geographical boundaries that guided delivery of services. The success of zone approach relied on obtaining sustainable funding. Sourcing for additional money was important to achieve meaningful growth. In the process, HCZ

Ethics and Virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Virtue - Essay Example And this is considered to be more important than the manners and behaviors. Socrates was one of the first Greek philosophers and he did a great work for mankind. According to him people should be well aware of the facts of life, hence they should attain self-knowledge, and after attaining self-knowledge, it will be easier and natural for them to do what is good and to avoid doing the wrong deeds. As he said that evil or ghastly actions are the result of ignorance and unawareness, even if a criminal or a sinner is really aware of the results of his actions and deeds, he would never ever do anything bad. And a person, who is aware of good and bad, tries to do the good things and always tries to stop doing the wrong and bad things. And Socrates associated knowledge with virtue, and virtue is directly associated with pleasure and happiness, a man, who truly knows the difference between right and wrong and is familiar with virtue will never do anything bad, and will always try to do good things which will make him happy and will add pleasure in his life (Sahakia n, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. pp 32-33). Aristotle was a famous philosopher, and according to him, ethical system is "self-realizationism". He gave an idea that when a person acts according to his nature and his true self, then he will do well and will be happy with doing it. He said that unhappiness and frustration develops the unrealized potential or prospective of a person, and it further leads to the failure of achieving goals in life, which increases the frustration inside the man. He emphasized on the idea that every person acts in accordance with his or her nature and it is the only way to live a happy life, all the facilities of life and also the moral values are dependent on this. So the self-realization is more necessary and helps in other aspects of life. Like Socrates, he also emphasized on the self-awareness, which will make the person realize his true self and will help him in making decisions. And he said that man should not only live, but should live well with behaviors, which are directed by the moderate v irtue, and the concept of virtue is same as given by the Socrates. "Virtue denotes doing the right thing, to the right person, at the right time, to the proper extent, in the correct fashion, for the right reason." (Sahakian, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. pp 32-33). Describing ethics in people behavior is not so difficult, because it is the way that people behave. People usually say that they think of the things, which are bad, and they know this properly. Despite knowing that the act is wrong, they will keep on doing it and will never realize that they are doing the same thing, which they think is wrong. For example, almost all the people agree that stealing is wrong and many people agree that it is a crime, but they still download hundreds of songs, in the format of .mp3, audio or even different images from the web, which is not legal

Michael Porter's 5 Forces for Target Research Paper

Michael Porter's 5 Forces for Target - Research Paper Example As Labrador states, â€Å"the lower the barriers are, the easier it will be for competitors to come in†. Future competitors of Target include both local and international retailing companies. Therefore, to remain on the top positions in the country, the company continuously monitors its business strategy of providing best quality products to customers in the lowest prices. The bargaining power of suppliers is neither very strong nor very weak. Although Target provides good support to suppliers’ businesses, suppliers have been able to retain the power to control products’ prices because of increased competition between the discount stores operating in the United States. Along with increased competition, lowering of import barriers and low cost international labor are some of those factors, which have directly affected the bargaining power of suppliers. â€Å"The ability of consumers to buy substitute goods leads to the buyer power force† (Vitez). Buyers have a strong bargaining power in the United States. Although Target is operating a number of discount stores all over the United States, but the ever increasing number of other discount companies has strengthened the bargaining power of buyers. Customers can move to some other store if they find that store offering low prices as compared to Target. Target needs to keep the prices low and competitive in order to maintain its market share. Target has low threat of substitute products. The reason is that discount stores of Target and all other companies offer low prices to the customers as compared to general stores. Customers always want to buy products from the stores, which offer low prices. Although used products’ stores also offer low prices, but customers prefer to buy new products with the same prices that used products’ stores offer. Therefore, Target is far away from the threat of

Economic Growth Essay

Economic Growth Essay 1.Executive Summary Economic growth is what every economy tries to achieve for the good of everyone as a whole. Developing, producing more, increased wages, higher levels of education, better and better technologies is what we strive for. But doing all that, does that mean that we are living a better life? Or is it just the ideal of doing better, not really the result that keeps us following the dream of a perfect world. The effects of economic growth are full of positives points such as boost in infrastructures, urban development, higher education, globalisation, creates employment, higher wages for workers, better living standards for the population, and the list can go on and on. But aren’t there any externalities to all of this? There are some of the negative externalities of growing above what the economy can take, reaching the limits where growing is counter-productive. Some of those disadvantages of growth are outlined in this report, such as health problems arising, environmental issues, education issues as well, and how standard of living doesn’t always mean better is getting more. 2.Introduction â€Å"A useful metaphor for production in an economy comes from the kitchen. To create valuable final products, we mix inexpensive ingredients together according to a recipe. The cooking one can do is limited by the supply of ingredients, and most cooking in the economy produces undesirable side effects. If economic growth could be achieved only by doing more and more of the same kind of cooking, we could eventually run out of raw materials and suffer from unacceptable levels of pollution and nuisance. Human history teaches us, however, that economic growth springs from better recipes, not just from more cooking. New recipes generally produce fewer unpleasant effects and generate more economic value per unit of raw material.† (Henderson, D. 2007) This little introduction is a way to say that the more diversified an economy is the fewer side effects it will have to bare. A more sustainable and spread out use of the resources available in the economy. Back in the days countries tend to produce only the essentials for ‘survival’, most part of the economies were set to produce things like food, clothing, and houses. But nowadays, only small parts of economies are used to produce the so called essentials. The reason behind this change is the industrial revolution in the â€Å"late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the World, a process that continues as industrialisation. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history, comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first city states; almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way.† (Wikipedia.com, 22 April 2008) The growth has been so fast that some economies are almost reaching a stall, reaching the maximum. â€Å"On the one hand if we look at specific examples of natural resources (fresh water, ocean fisheries, atmosphere, ecosystem), there is strong evidence that the rates at which we are currently utilizing them are unsustainable.† (Dasgupta, P. 2008) But a major factor can prevent this to happen but it doesn’t mean it’s a good thing; this factor is ecological damages caused by growth. Global warming is one of those constraints that in sooner rather than later will effect on our everyday life and on how we should be monitoring growth. Damages to our environment is not the only problem caused by economic growth, one of the other concerns of every society is whether or not we have reached the limits of human needs as well. What more could we possibly need? Do we have to keep improving on technology; is it for our basic needs or just for pure luxury? People earn more today but doesn’t that mean that we should be better off than 40-50 years ago? Spending on education has become insanely high but are our children learning more today? Husbands and wives both are working full time jobs now to run their families, but 40-50 years ago when usually only the husband was working, weren’t families having a good life? Is growth helping or hurting society as a whole, and thus answering the question is economic growth becoming counter-productive? 3.Economic Growth and Unemployment Economic growth is believed by people to be a good thing because of the jobs it creates and how it helps increase per capita Gross Domestic Product and consumption of society as a whole. But studies in the United States showed, by using the â€Å"Daly-Cobb Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (taking Gross National Product – environmental costs- extra spending on healthcare, education, commuting and urbanization needed to support growth) concluded that economic wellbeing in the US increased substantially during the 50’s and 60’s, but levelled off at the end of the 70’s and has been in decline since the 80’s.† (Siegel, C. 2006) And also according to ‘Okun’s Law’, for every one percent by which the actual unemployment rate exceeds the normal unemployment rate, real Gross Domestic Product is reduced by 2-3%. The Law outlines the negative relationship between the GDP growth and unemployment. Growth doesn’t always bring along what people usually expect: more work. The ideal growth in order to stop unemployment from rising is a 3% annual growth. (Siegel, C. 2006) So growth as well can be considered counter-productive, in terms of employment for an economy, if it is not properly managed. Unemployment rate won’t just stop because the economy created more jobs and making more money, as outlined by ‘Okun’s Law’. And the economy should have an ideal annual growth of 3% to maintain efficiency. 4.Economic Growth and Standard of Living â€Å"Economic development is sustainable if, relative to its population, a society’s productive base does not shrink.† (Dasgupta, P. 2008) The more you earn in terms of wages, the more you tend to buy. Wages are higher, so consumption tends to be higher as well. Going from bare essentials population tend to buy luxuries than they think they deserve for all the effort they put in at work. This is when the economy becomes more productive, when they are enjoying prosperity. However, ‘prosperity in an economy is not static, over time countries tend to become more or less prosperous. An economic boom may bring a temporary prosperous environment to a country and much greater wealth (in terms of higher wages, products quality, quantity, etc†¦) to its population. Same if there is a depression, the hard work done to improve standard of living may be brushed away’. (Sparknotes.com). A major enhancement of living standards is technology, the better the technology the more growth a country can experience. Technology is directly related to economic growth. To produce more we need more equipment, better quality, which can produce more at lower costs and in smaller time span. Also when a country is growing it tends to use more and more advanced material than it previously used to because of the greater productivity they will help them achieve in order to maintain the growth. Technology hence improves labour production. (That is how the inverse relationship between growth and unemployment rate is created; when economy is growing, unemployment tends to rise as well because now the economy needs fewer workers to perform same job) As far as health is concerned fast-foods and restaurants have become a common everyday routine for people. Cooking at home could be cheaper but why going cheaper when you can afford quicker and simpler, and when you can’t find the time to cook. Thus, to the ‘rescue’ are the restaurants and fast-foods, quicker and sometimes offer more variety as well. But the growth of fast foods and restaurants (but mainly fast-foods) consumption have somewhat caused a fall in health level of society as a whole. Not only food patterns caused this change in health condition but when we add to that the high consumption of cigarettes and the fact that besides work, eat, sleep people don’t have much time of their own, or just don’t want to find time (laziness) to do exercise, societies became less active physically and more obese. For that matter people seemed to think that spending more on health care would help them live longer and better. But now more and more people are realising that exercises and a healthy diet are the keys to a better life. The more spending we make on health care will somehow result in finding cures (hopefully sometimes sooner rather than later) for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart problems, aids, etc†¦ but the concern about this is that they are maybe the reverse effect of economic growth. If we think about it (as mentioned above) people are less concerned about their health, what they could prevent now at the beginning is instead ‘postponed’ to later when the need to try and find a solution to fight a health problem is here. Example of that would be obesity- our children are eating more fast foods than it was a case decades ago, they also are doing less exercises. Education of ‘our future’ is important to counter the negative effects of economic growth. ‘A point has been reached where the amount spent on health care is much less important than exercise, diet and other individual actions to improve health’ (Siegel, C. 2006). 5.Economic Growth and Education Education plays an important role on the road to economic growth of an economy. It could vary from education of employees to new technologies to education of the children, the future generation. Literacy is important nowadays anywhere, because it helps communicate easily and if needs be in different languages. And also the sooner the children learn the easier it makes it for them to undertake subsequent learning â€Å"results, obtained after examining information on Dutch school children (in the Netherlands, parents can enroll their children in school from age four), find that increasing enrolment by one month increases the math and language test scores of children from a low socio-economic background or ethnic minorities by .06 standard deviation, while those non-disadvantaged student’s scores remained the same† (Bredt, J., Cycz, C. 2007) The education of the population as a whole is vital for an economy to be prosperous, so providing children with the ‘tools’ to build a better tomorrow is the key for further successes. But that’s the good part of growth, it helps us educate our population but economic growth can also be viewed as detrimental to education, when it comes to children. Growth has created more work for a larger pool of labour, including women and men, mothers and fathers, thus reducing the quality of a traditional family life by much. Parents nowadays have each a job (mainly full-time) resulting in less time devoted to growing children, who most of the times find themselves in day-cares. This lack of family presence affect the children â€Å"emotionally, some of them end up using drugs, become delinquent, suffer from anxiety, depression, and some end up being unsuccessful in school.† (Siegel, C. 2006). Another side effect of growth on education is that now children at school want more than just learning, they want to be entertained to learn. They want teachers to get them hooked on the subject, not just teach them, they don’t want to make that extra effort to learn how to solve a difficulty on their own. They think it is like television or internet, everything is laid in from of them and they just have to sit back and watch. This phenomenon is outlined in a research paper ‘The End of Economic Growth’ by Charles Siegel in 2006. 6.Economic Growth and the Environment For the relationship between growth and environment I am using the example of newly industrialized Eastern-Asian countries. Countries such as Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore, for example, have been experiencing enormous growth over the past 20-30 years, lowering the population living under their poverty line by more than 50% and making good economic progresses. But the reverse of the medal is that this region is also among the most highly polluted part of the world with 9 cities in the world’s 15 most polluted cities. Other problems faced by those countries are soil degradation, erosion, coastlines and marine degradation, one of the highest deforestation rates in the world. In this region we can witness the damaging effects of rapid on the local environment. Environment was neglected because growth was viewed as the next essential step to evolution for the region, and now they are trying to â€Å"control pollution rates, make proper use of their forest s, take proper actions, such as tax and standards on further development, improving their methods and recycling.† (Thomas, V., Belt, T. 1997). The developed countries have the same problems and we would tend to think that the developing countries would be more careful when growing, but the ‘temptation’ of getting big and quick just overrides the fulfilment of a healthy environment. The questions here that appeal to us would be; do the other developing nations care enough about the environment, and will they instead of growing big at a faster rate, just slowly (taking into considerations the environment) grow their economies, or will they make the same mistakes? And also there was another point brought forward by Bjorn Lomborg, a Danish statistician, in 2003 which defies economic growth and its effects on the environment. He argues that instead of â€Å"restricting growth, environment decline is best cured by accelerating it†. He pointed out that pollution i n industrialised countries have been cleaned up and air pollution in big cities are better than it was 30 years ago. In a way he is saying that reducing environmental damages is going against economic growth, and that countries will get used to it, and that it is greater at the early stages of industrialisation. Those arguments made by Lomborg in his book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, brought a lot of controversies from world’s leading environmental scientists. So, we can see that ideologies differ from people, and it can also be the case for countries seeking growth. They can accept that environmental damages are the price to pay for a better growth. (Hamilton, C. 2003) 7.Recommendations Economic growth is more enjoyable when it comes with fewer negatives sides as possible, and there are ways to fully benefit from a growth without really impacting on other parts of the country, or even on the population. Some examples would be: Spending less on health services but instead focuses on a healthier way of living, with exercises, healthy diets, proper management of time. People could choose to work fewer hours, giving the chance to raise employment in the economy. Resulting in unemployed population getting a part time job. The whole economy will be able to work more as well, more people to work. Because â€Å"the economy can only grow if people work more or better.† (Mitchell, D. 1996) More people working at fewer hours. By choosing to work less, families also allow themselves more time to spend with their children and giving them a better family life resulting in better educated future. Imposing tax on development, putting severe penalties on pollution that may arise can be another way to put a ‘brake’ to harmful development and a way to promote sustainable development of the economy 8.Conclusion Counter-productivity is the problem that will sooner or later hit every economy, to reduce the impacts it can have some measures need to be taken. Sustainability of the development, which is always bearing in mind that every action can cause a reaction, and efficient use of resources would be a beneficial for future generations. We don’t have the right to be individualistic. Before people didn’t really realize that they could run out of resources at some point, they thought it would be here indefinitely, and we have reached a point now where everything is becoming scarce. Now, we know that our actions will have some effects on future generation; we have this knowledge and need to make the most of it. Protection of the environment we live in, protection of our people, and sustainability of our development.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

Atticus once said You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them - Examine characters and relationships in to kill a mockingbird, in order to illustrate this maxim! TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD Atticus once said "You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them" Examine characters and relationships in to kill a mockingbird, in order to illustrate this maxim! I think Atticus is trying to say that you never really know a man until you step in his shoes and do what he does. In the story there are different relationships where characters do this. I think the biggest relationship showing this is between brother and sister, Jem and Scout Finch. Through out the whole story they will be together doing things like playing with each other, helping each other and exploring things with each other etc. Even on the first page when they are talking to each other about the events leading up to Jem's broken elbow to the last page where Scout is watching over Jem who is in bed after his broken arm, they are always together even if it is Jem watching over Scout at school or Scout helping Jem think of plans. There are lots of examples in to kill a mockingbird where Jem and Scout are together. The first real time Jem and Scout are together is when they meet Charles Baker Harris and they start talking about reading. "How old are you" asked Jem, "Four-and-a-half?" "Going on seven" "Shoot no wonder, then" said Jem, jerking his thumb at me. "Scout yonder has been reading ever since she was born, and she aint even started to school yet" Here Jem is showing Scout off and showing how proud that his sister has not started school yet but she can read. When Charles B... ...ything. That night Mr Cunningham and his crew come wanting to hurt Tom but luckily for Tom, Atticus is there and Scout manages to talk to Mr Cunningham and get them to leave. When the trial comes Atticus tries his hardest to prove Tom is innocent. He tries different way's and one is when he tells Bob Ewell to write some thing which he does then Atticus asks which side of the face did Mayella get hit on. Atticus makes it so that he catches out Bob. Atticus then asks Tom to come up and asks him to pickup a glass fully knowing he can't. This shows signs that it was not Tom who committed the rape but someone else. Even though Atticus proves this the Jury still finds Tom guilty of rape obviously because he is black and Bob Ewell is white. I think these are the main relationships in to kill a mockingbird, but there are also more but which are no way near as big.

Loganivllle high school Essay

A person’s identity is simply who they are. Different aspects of life can shape the way you define your own identity. In their article, Kim Tsai and Andrew Fuligni explain that a person’s identity is shaped when they go off to college. Their beliefs gather that a four year college prepares students to seek their identity more so than a 2 year college. Another article, written by Silvia Santos, Anna Ortiz, Alejandro Morales, and Monica Rosales addresses identity. It correlates campus diversity with students’ ethnic identity. They ultimately argue that campus diversity allows a more powerful insight to one’s identity. While both articles look at the way colleges influence students to explore their identities, one article believes extracurricular influence it and the other believes it is the multi diversity of the college. Both group of authors would conclude from their findings that students enrolled at four year school will be more involved in searching for their identity. Both studies hint that a sense of belonging is related to a college student’s feel of their identity. For a large number of students, campus diversity was a positive and enriching experience that fostered a greater sense of  belonging and feelings of inclusion and acceptance (Santos, Morales, Ortiz and Rosales 107). Tsai and Fuligni write, â€Å"Interactions with students from various backgrounds at diverse colleges may also promote search of and belonging to one’s own ethnic group† (58). Both authors agree that a sense of belonging is always needed in establishing your own identity. The major difference between the group of authors is their belief on the effects of going to a diverse campus and being involved in extracurricular activities. Tsai an Fuligni believe that extracurricular activities drives the student to start looking into their identity, while Santos,  Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales believe that going to a diverse campus causes the students to seek their identity. Kim Tsai and Andrew Fuligni focus their research on the fact that being involved with extracurricular activities helps strengthen emotional wellness through engaging in ethnic identity (57). The authors explain by engaging in extracurricular activities students encounter different ethnic backgrounds that illuminate differences in their culture raising ethnic identity issues. (62). The authors believe that being involved with extracurricular activities is what ignites a  student into their ethnic search. This involvement in extracurricular activities depends mostly on whether or not the student goes to a 2 year or 4 year school. A 4 year school offers more extracurricular activities than a 2 year school will. Because of this, students at 4-year colleges were engaged in greater levels of ethnic search and exhibited marginally higher levels of ethnic belonging than did students at 2-year colleges (Tsai and Fuligni 62). On the other hand Santos, Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales focus their research on campus diversity. They write, â€Å"A diverse  campus environment encouraged a more mature and evolving sense of ethnic identity in some students† (108). A student feels more comfortable having similar ethnic identities surrounding them to further explore them with their peers (Santos, Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales 108). Santos, Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales tend to develop their study more around the race aspect of the college students. They write, â€Å"The interview sample was composed of 29% White, 26% Latino, 22% African American, and 23% Asian† (106). On the other hand Tsai and Fuligni focused their ideas on what type of college the students chose and where they would be living. Both group of authors made assumptions around these different factors that significantly affect the development of the students ethnic identity. Also, the authors used different methods of researching to find their answers. Tsai and Fuligni write, â€Å"In the 12th grade, students completed questionnaires during school that assessed various domains including identity, academic achievement, and wellbeing (59). Participants also provided their contact information, including their home address, phone number, email, and contact information of two people who would likely know their whereabouts. The students were asked a series of questions that corresponded with their ethnic identity. Then, two years later, there was a follow up with the same students on these questions to see how their experiences changed (59). Santos, Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales used a bit of a different approach. The authors used actual college students, and the experiment was only conducted one time. They write, â€Å"Semistructured interviews were used to provide a holistic picture of the meaning of ethnic identity for students attending multiethnic universities. The interview protocol consisted  of 13 questions and related probes that tapped into the following content areas: (a) ethnic identification, (b) personal meaning of ethnicity, (c) expressions of ethnicity, (d) influences of interethnic interactions on ethnicity, and (e) socio historical forces that have impinged on ethnic identity â€Å" (106). One can conclude that these questions focused more directly on diversity rather than college type and involved activities. Santos, Morals, Ortiz, and Rosales conclude that campus diversity is benign in helping a student sculpt their identity, while Tsai and Fuligni believe that involvement in extracurricular  activities ignites a students will to explore their ethnic identity. Both group of authors went about different ways to explore how college students interact and develop their identities. All of them would agree that 4 year schools provide more campus diversity than a 2 year school. Furthermore, Tsai and Fuligni believe that involvement in activities outside of school sparks their insight to their identities. On the other hand, Santos, Morales, Ortiz, and Rosales believe that students who go to a college with diversity are more inclined to develop their identity. No  matter their similarities or differences though, both group of authors gave the readers a strong understanding of why college students seek their identity. Works Cited Monica Rosales, et al. â€Å"The Relationship Between Campus Diversity, Students’ Ethnic Identity And College Adjustment: A Qualitative Study. † Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology 13. 2 (2007): 104-114. PsycARTICLES. Web. 13 Sept. 2012. Tsai, Kim M. , and Andrew J. Fuligni. â€Å"Change In Ethnic Identity Across The College Transition. † Developmental Psychology 48. 1 (2012): 56-64. PsycARTICLES. Web. 13 Sept. 2012.

Political Influence Essay

A person is fed information throughout their life from various outside influences; this is how one forms values, views and opinions. From this, one is able to shape their political views based on what they believe or have been taught to believe. There are many factors that come into play when these views are formed, such as historical events. Others while apparent have a latent effect, such as gender, race, socio-economic status etc. The way a person is brought up has a fairly large impact on political socialization. Children come to know their parents value systems and beliefs. The children are brought up around these beliefs and these beliefs are instilled upon them in both unconscious and conscious ways. This is the beginning. As a person is introduced to more situations and experiences their views are molded further but the foundations are always there. Most Americans do not look thorough the inner workings of our government and the general idea of politics. Instead they look at what politics has to offer for them. It is far easier to just look at politics based on your opinions rather than through the policies and procedures. With the innovations of modern technology and the mass media, people don’t have to look that hard for issues surrounding politics. All they have to do is turn on their T. V. or read the news on their favorite search engine web site. I think that this has had a negative effect on people’s political views. Instead of reading articles and forming opinions on their own, they are shown the sensationalized view of politics and a fairly biased/limited perspective. My own political views were formed the same way everyone else’s were. My parents taught me about the differences between democrats and republicans, what the president does and even about the legislative branch. These teachings were mainly based around their own views but always with quite a bit of objectivity. I grew up in a fairly free household; my parents encouraged individuality and self-reliance. This gave me the ability to learn and think about things on my own, being able figure out how I felt about them. Another interesting thing about my upbringing is that I grew up without a computer, so when I wanted to know what was going on I had to watch the news on T. V. The school that I went to was fairly progressive and the teacher that I had for Social Studies taught us a lot about both our local and federal governments, all of which have helped me from my political views. I am a very open-minded person and this carries over heavily into how I view politics. I tend to focus on the single issues at hand and not on which party is proposing them. I feel strongly on many issues, to include abortion, education, foreign/domestic policy, welfare and most recently civil unions; however I try to understand both sides; not to agree but to understand. I do feel that I could be far more educated in politics, but I believe I am off to a good start.